ABRAHAM LINCOLN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ABRAHAM LINCOLN - Essay Example He became interested in local politics and he was a strong supporter of Whig party. He was self-educated and he became a country lawyer after passing his bar examination in 1836. He got into politics and he won the Illinois state legislature position in 1834 and that was his major turning point in his career and political life. He had attained popularity and he could attract crowds in New Salem. He lost the first time in his campaign for Illinois General Assembly because he lacked powerful friends, education and money (Freedman 18). He strongly opposed the spread of slavery and discrimination based on race and he advocated for renovations and improvements at the Sangomon River. He had a vision of expanding America and making it a home for every person regardless of the skin color. Abraham focused on cities and commerce more than Agriculture. After passing his bar examination, he moved to spring field where he worked as a lawyer and it was there where he met his wife, Mary Todd. She w as from a wealthy family which had held hostage many slaves in Kentucky. He married her on 4th November 1842 in Springfield. They bought a house near his office and his wife kept it with the help of a servant or a relative. Their first son Robert Todd got born in 1843 and their second born son, Edward Baker followed in 1846.

The Rising Problem of Water Essay Example for Free

The Rising Problem of Water Essay Although water is â€Å"the commonest molecular compound† (Crystal, 1990) there is a rising problem concerning its purity. We can’t reach for the nearest stream and draw water for a drink the way people did before. Today, water is for sale. Water’s scarcity and depletion, lack of sanitation and pollution, inequalities in distribution, problems caused by dam projects, to extravagant use or mismanagement and even cross-border conflict, etc. (Godrej, 2003) account for the crises that governments are dealing with regards to water. Though water is foundational to life, e.g. part of our physical component, and as experts say it â€Å"occurs in all living organisms† (Crystal, 1990), truth is, the world faces a water crisis. Before pointing to big companies/factories and relegate to them the reason for this crisis, we are all delinquent when it comes to the management and the use of water. When one’s use of water is too much or â€Å"beyond the rate† of normal use, the hydrological cycle is being put in danger (Godrej, 2003). The hydrological cycle is so arranged as to allow for replenishing. When there is overuse, replenishing becomes difficult and depletion and pollution follow. Water like those in oceans and rivers, usually have natural pollutants, but only enough to be purified by the natural hydrological cycle. The main culprit for water pollution is man whose human activities are the causes of localized pollution. â€Å"Heavy metals, oil spills, and bacteria,† (Barnes-Svarney, 1996) are all contaminants which are results of human abuses. References 1. Crystal, David. 1990. Water H2O. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia. Cambridge University Press, p. 1285. 2. Godrej, Dinar. 2003. Crisis and challenge. Precious fluid. New Internationalist magazine, volume 354, pp. 9-12. 3. Barnes-Svarney, Patricia. 1996. The New York Public Library Science Desk Reference, p. 472.

Protecting Ourselves from Media Manipulation: The Use of Alternative Me

Protecting Ourselves from Media Manipulation: The Use of Alternative Media as an Information Source As far as one can recall the media has had a large influence over our perceptions of the world and the society in which we live. Why is it that we blindly seem to believe whatever we hear on the radio, see on the television, read in newspapers and more currently on the internet? The mass media has acquired a great control over the perceptions of how we interpret the world around us, it is only when we allow alternative media to develop and expand to greater parts of the world that we will be able to understand the different perspectives and work towards understanding the truth. There have been past reports on alien invasions, attacks made by giant worms and other exaggerated or made-up stories. Many of these events or attacks were based on popular fears during the time. This can also be seen during the â€Å"Red Scare†. Americans were afraid of being attacked by communists and were constantly afraid of spies thus, they proceeded to name anyone or anything a communist if they did not respond in the way that they had anticipated. These fears were manipulated by the mass media creating further anxiety. Plausibility and timing are equally as important in creating stories or news that can result in anxiety and fear. To fully deceive the public there has to be a plausible story occurring at the right time and place. In our post 9/11 world, where many people are already feeling on the edge it is important that the media is careful in what they produce, and think about the potential effects on their audience. We would not want to see ourselves confronted with the same tactics as those used previously during the â€Å"... ...acifici, The Moro Morality Play: Terrorism as Social Drama (Chicago: The University Chicago Press, 1986) p. 65, 90. Mueller, John E. War, Presidents and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley, 1973). Newport, Frank, Public Opinion of the War in Afghanistan, Gallup News Service Poll Analyses, (31 October 2001) (http://www.gallup.com/poll/Releases/Pr011031e.asp) Orwell, George, Politics and the English Language in The Collected Essays of George Orwell (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968) p. 167. Page, B., Shapiro, R. and Dempsey. 1987. What moves Public Opinion, American Political Science Review, 81, March, 23-43. Speech of George W. Bush, as reported on CNN, October 7, 2001 Cartoonstock,United We Stand, Holding Hands http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/nc_search.asp?x=a&keyword=&Category=Bin+Laden%2C+Osama&Boolean=Or&Artist=Not+Selected&submit=Search

Experience of the Attawapiskat Cree to Ojibwa in relation to the Canadian Government

The Attawaspiskat Cree and Ojibwa are a first nations group living in parts of Canada, mainly northern Ontario. The main languages spoken by these first nation groups are Mushkegowuk Cree and Ojibway. I will compare and contrast the experience of the Attawapiskat Cree to Ojibwa in relation to the Canadian Government. This will include analyzing the treaties introduced by the government towards the Cree and the Ojibwa: in particular, treaty 9 will be discussed. In addition, to these treaties the government has divided the first nation community into two different groups: status-Indians and non-status Indians. Within these two groups further division has been accomplished by the allocation of lands know as reserves to status-Indians and independent ownership for non-status Indians. This allocation of lands in reserves for status-Indians and independent ownership for non-status Indian is based on the policies developed through dependent and independent tenure. The laws permitting only status-Indians to live in reserves have fragmented the community and changes in culture and traditions have been rapid since the arrival of the government. The arrival of the Canadian government in the early nineteen-hundreds was the last major encapsulating factor the Cree and the Ojibwa were to face after the Hudson Bay Company and the church. The methods adopted by the government were aimed at changing the social, economic, political and religious practices held within these societies. One of the first efforts undertaken by the Canadian government was to legalize any action it would take in the regions occupied by the Cree and the Ojibwa. Therefore, in 1905 and 1906 treaty 9 was signed with the people of Cree and the people of Ojibwa. With the introduction of treaty 9, logging, hydroelectric development, minerals, construction of road and railways started. This treaty also introduced new land policies, which allowed non-Indians to exploit the resources used before only by the Indians. Commissioner Scott who represented the government promised the Indians that treaty 9 would not affect the way of living for the Indian people, rather the government would help in times of need: â€Å"There will not be any legislation governing trapping, hunting animals and hunting birds and fishing, if you are in favour of the treaty. If something happens to you as to sickness or need of help the government will help you, all the people from Albany, Attawapiskat, Winisk, Fort Severn, will have this help† (Cummins 2004, 36). However, during the famine of 1909, 1928, 1930-31, 1934-36 and 1946-48 in Attawaspiskat, assistance from the government was little or non-existent. Therefore, the main reason for the treaty was to extinguish aboriginal rights and to take away the land owned by the Indians. Following treaty 9 many different treaties were introduced by the government which further deteriorated the economical conditions present within the Indian community. These treaties had assured for the Cree and the Ojibwa, that provision would be made for the supply of seed, cattle and agricultural implements as these nations had exhibited an interest in starting farming for economic interest. Additionally, some other treaties had guaranteed distribution of fishing nets, net twins, guns and ammunition so as it can enable the Indians to hunt for subsistence activities, with participation with the new economy. However, the government provided insufficient amenities which were unable to economically improve the position of the Cree and Ojibwa. In addition, federal legislation – especially the Indian Act – teamed with federal and provincial policy and actions, rendered it arduous for Aboriginal people to undertake other economic interest. (http://www. ainc-inac. gc. ca/ch/rcap/sg/sh45_e. html). It is essential to define the terms land tenure and land use in order to understand how these systems are used as an encapsulating factor for the Ojibwa and the Attawapiskat Cree. Land use is the physical exploitation of land, where as land tenure are the policies which govern the use of land and is based on social, political and exploitative patterns of a group. Example of social, political and exploitative patterns would include the ways of accommodation, such as living in micro or macro bands and occupying a river drainage or a good fishing site; notion of land ownership; and hunting patters, respectively. Since the incursion of Euro-Canadians in all aspect of Indian life, there have been changes in the traditional land tenure policies held within these societies for centuries. The government has divided the Ojibwa and the Cree into two different categories: status Indians and non-status Indians. Status Indians are those individuals who according to the Indian Act appear on the governments list of registered Indians. Status-Indians are solely dependent on governmental aid and live on lands turned into reserves by the government; they are also exempted from any provincial or federal programs such as income tax and property tax. Non-status Indians are those who have lost their Indian status by governmental enfranchisement. These people cannot live on reserves; land setup by the government for status-Indians, but they can independently own land and must pay taxes. The reserves are created by the Indian Act as, â€Å"the minister may, when he considers it desirable constitute new bands and when a new band has been established from an existing band or any part thereof, such portion of the reserve lands and funds of the existing band as the minister determines shall be held for the use and benefit of the new band†. (Driben 1986: 114). Therefore, to create a reserve there must be, a new band who has requested the government to be turned into a reserve. Hence, if approved the government would allocate an existing reserve or some land. Once designated as a reserve, individuals cannot have the title to the land and cannot exercise the freedom to move fluidly in different areas or groups. One major set back by the government to the Ojibwa people living in Aroland are the economic government policy adopted towards them. In 1971, the provincial plan for economic development was revealed, which concluded that land and resource development should take place only in places which demonstrate a potential for growth. Therefore, the problem arouse when Nakina, a town less than 25 kilometres from Aroland became the centre of growth, this has shifted any incentives from private and government sectors to economically invest in Aroland. The government of Canada has introduced two types of land tenure for the Cree and the Objiwa, dependent and independent land tenure. In dependent land tenure two aspects must be fulfilled, first that region must be made into a reserve, and second, the people occupying the region must be status-Indians. Once the region has become a reserve it falls under the jurisdiction of the ministry of Indian Affairs. Therefore, by the Indian Act, the ministry has the authority to possess land, prevent the transfer of land between bands, and to allocate land as they see fit. The economic impact of the dependent tenure has its benefits and disadvantages. These benefits include that the ministry of Indian affairs will provide aid for economic development. Such aid can be in forms of loans to bands, groups or individuals. Moreover, the Indians are not required to pay property tax or income tax on the money they earn by working on the reserves. A disadvantage would be that the reserved land cannot be sold or leased unless it is surrendered to the government, and once the land has been surrendered to the government, it is controlled and owned by the government not the Indians. The social impact of dependent tenure is the segregation caused by the subdivision of Indians into status and non-status Indians. Therefore, to choose dependent tenure would segregate the community into one group, that comprising of status-Indians only. By the Indian act, non-status Indians are considered to be trespassers if they enter a reserve and can be fined and imprisoned for doing so. On the other hand, Independent Land Tenure is a more euro-Canadian form of land policy. Indians in independent land tenure can buy property. But if the people opt for Independent Land tenure they cannot form any kind of reserve. Since Independent tenure is regulated under provincial government, the federal government would not be involved. Once the provincial government sells the people the land they occupy, the individual will get the title to the land and also some benefits as stated by the minister, â€Å" Firstly, a surface right, which permits a landowner to enjoy the current use of his land. Secondly, a productive right, which allows an owner to make a profit from the current use of his land. Thirdly, a development right, allowing the owner to improve his property. Fourthly, a pecuniary right, whereby a landowner benefits financially from development value both effectively granting the right not to develop and sixthly, a disposal right, allowing an owner to sell or will his land† (Driben 1986: 105). The economic advantage of independent tenure is that Indians can participate in government programs, can be endowed with equity that can be employed to obtain mortgages and loans from banks and other financial institutions. Additionally they can have provincially tax-supported services such as fire protection, construction of roads, as well as other provincial benefits. In conclusion, the arrival of the government in the early nineteen-hundred marked a beginning which has rapidly cause change and encapsulated the Ojibwa and the Cree. Treaty 9, also known as the James Bay treaty, has let the government occupy two-third of northern Ontario from the Indians. An encapsulation method adopted by the government was to divide the Indians into different groups; this was done by dividing the people into status-Indians and non-status Indians. Further, physical sub-division was accomplished by the government through dependent and Independent tenure. Laws forbidding non-status Indians to enter reserves were strictly enforced and any economic incentives approached by the Indians were tentatively dealt with. Therefore the nineteen hundred has been a drastic change for the Ojibwa and the Cree, and it has transformed them from a simpler life of hunting for subsistence to that of trading and has made them conform to the external pressure to acculturate. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cummins, Brian D. 2004. Only God Can Own the Land. Toronto: Pearson Education Canada Inc. Driben, Paul. 1986. Aroland Is Our Home – An incomplete victory in Applied Anthropology. New York: AMS Press. Martin, Calvin. 1978. Keepers of the Game. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Schmalz, Peter S. 1991. The Ojibwa. Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto Press. Krech, Shepard. 1981. Indians, Animals, and the Fur trade. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. .

A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management

A Strategic Framework for Customer Relationship Management Introduction: This article explores the plethora of literature available on CRM and relationship marketing and emphasizes the need for a single, process-based framework that helps in making a comprehensive CRM strategy followed by its successful implementation. The objective is to highlight CRM’s role in enhancing customer value and, in turn the shareholder value.Various CRM and marketing experts, who provide their views in the article, emphasize the need for a cross-functional, process-oriented approach which identifies three alternative perspectives of CRM within a holistic organizational context. They try to identify five key cross-functional CRM processes starting from a strategy development process, followed by value creation process, multichannel integration process, an information management process, and in the end performance assessment process.Based on these 5 pillars, they put forward a new conceptual framewo rk specifying the roles and functions associated with each element in the framework. Summary: CRM is a strategic approach that is concerned with creating improved shareholder value through the development of appropriate relationships with key customers and customer segments. There is a need to develop relationship marketing strategies and IT architecture to create profitable, long-term relationships with customers and other key stakeholders.The article is organized mainly in three parts. Firstly, it explores the three alternative perspectives of CRM. Secondly, it considers the need for a cross-functional process-based approach to CRM where the strategists develop criteria for process selection and identify the five key CRM processes. Next, they propose a strategic conceptual framework that is constructed of these five processes followed by the examination of the components of each process. Hence, CRM can be defined with three perspectives forming a continuum.At one corner is the nar rowly and tactically defined particular technology solution, followed by wide-ranging technology (customer oriented IT and Internet), and customer centric approach (holistic approach emphasizing creation of shareholder value) as we move towards right at the other end of the continuum. Processes are the backbone of any initiative or a framework. Absence of a strategic framework for CRM is one reason for the disappointing results associated with many CRM initiatives.The strategic perspective starts with reviewing the following four process selection criteria for marketing and business processes which are now augmented by 2 new additional suggestions. 1)The processes should comprise a small set that addresses tasks critical to the achievement of an organization’s goals. 2)Each process should contribute to the value creation process. 3) Each process should be at a strategic or macro level. 4)The processes need to manifest clear interrelationships. 5) New: Each process should be c ross functional in nature. 6)New.Each process would be considered by experienced practitioners as being both logical. The refining of CRM strategy can start with the interaction research as interaction and communication play a crucial role in the various stages of research. It consists of interaction with various executives, meetings and group discussion with emphasis on testing concepts, new ideas, and results. On the other hand, the process identification and CRM framework creation begins with identification of generic CRM processes which are used by an expert panel of experienced CRM executives.The resultant five generic processes are: the strategy development process, the value creation process, the multichannel integration process, the information management process, and finally the performance assessment process. These five key generic CRM processes help form a preliminary conceptual framework which is continuously improved for better business results and increased share value . Next are the business/customer strategy and the value creation processes.The business strategy process can commence with a review of a company’s vision and its relation to the CRM model. It is followed by the review of the industrial and competitive environment. Here the traditional industry analysis is augmented by more contemporary approaches for deeper environmental analysis and the understanding the impact of disruptive technologies. Customer strategy on the other hand, deals with CRM perspective which requires a cross functional approach, especially when different departments are involved in strategy development.Other important facets are information management process and performance assessment. Information management is concerned with the collection, integration and use of customer data and information from all processes. It involves managing assets like the data repository, IT systems and analysis tools. Data repository provides a corporate memory of all customers. Systems include the organization’s computer hardware, software, middleware IT, front office and back office applications like SFA and call center management.Lastly, analysis tools support many activities involved in interfacing directly with customers with technologies like data mining. The article also talks about Multichannel Integration process, which takes into account the combinations of different channels with customer interaction perspective. It takes the outputs of the business strategy and value creation processes and translates them into value-adding activities with customers. It ensures that the customer experiences remains highly positive within those channels. Analysis:Even though, there has been enough emphasis on the cross-functional, process-based CRM strategy framework that aims to help companies, it is mostly based on large industrial companies and not the small and medium sized companies. I agree with the views that the size and complexity of such enterpris es are most likely to post big CRM challenges, but small scale initiatives should be considered as well. I concur with objective of the article which deals with a process-based conceptual framework and cross functional approach for strategic CRM model.Also, I agree with argument which has been put forward again and again in the article for the need of an acceptable definition that encompasses all facets. The framework proposed in the article is just a beginner’s model, yet a potentially useful starting point for the development of improved insight into these aspects of CRM theory. But according to me, because of the changing scenarios and fickle nature of market there is still a need for delimiting the domain, agreeing on a definition for CRM, and building a research agenda. I would like to add that certainly there is a need for measure and control the CRM performance.But, at the same time traditional approach for performance measurement systems will not be suitable for cross functional CRM. There have been new initiatives like balanced scorecard which enables a wide range of metrics designs. It consists of shareholder results and performance monitoring. Ideally, it should reflect the performance standards necessary across the five major processes to ensure that CRM activities are planned and practiced effectively and that a feedback loop exists to maximize performance improvement and organizational learning.The article also explores the multiple channels, such as field sales forces, Internet, direct mail, telephony, traditional television, e-commerce and m-commerce, including e-mail to interact with its customers. For example, making use of e-commerce opportunities and the fundamental economic characteristics of the Internet can enable a much deeper level of segmentation granularity than is affordable in most other channels. With the advent of Internet, interactive digital television, mobile telephony and text messaging, wireless application protocol, and 3G mobile services can be utilized in this field.The challenge lies in the ability of strategy to uphold the same high standards across different channels enhancing customer experiences. As far as associated value goes, I believe that outputs of the strategy development process leads to programs that both extract and deliver value and maximizes the lifetime value of desirable customer segments. It includes determining what value the company can provide to its customer along with what value the company can receives from its customers.These value propositions include the relationship among the performance of the product, the fulfillment of the customer’s needs, and the total cost to the customer over the customer relationship life cycle. Like any other initiative, measurement is an integral part through the use of the metrics. The performance assessment sees that the organization’s strategic aims in terms of CRM are in alignment with the acceptable standard and that a basis for future improvement is established. Conclusion:Often, the organizations are plagued by the lack of a widely accepted and appropriate definition of CRM along with the failure to recognize its constitution. This can lead to the failure of a CRM project as this way the organization views CRM from a limited technology perspective or undertakes CRM on a fragmented basis. The plethora of information requires a cross-functional integration of processes, people, operations, and marketing capabilities that is enabled through information, technology and applications.The options provided in the article explore the opportunities like cross-selling and up-selling to acquire or strengthen customer database. To ensure that technology solutions support CRM, it is important to conduct IT planning from the perspective of providing a seamless customer service rather than planning for functional or product-centered departments and activities. On the organization’s front, the focus is on increasing customer lifetime value by determining the variation in potential customer profitability across different customer segments along with the prepositions like customer acquisition and customer retention.

Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister 1979â€1990

Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister 1979–1990 Margaret Thatcher (October 13, 1925 - April 8, 2013) was  the  first woman prime minister  of the United Kingdom and the first European woman to serve as a prime minister. She  was a radical conservative, known for dismantling nationalized industries and social services, weakening union power. She was also the first  incumbent prime minister in the UK removed on a vote of their own party.  She was an  ally of US Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush.  Before becoming prime minister, she was a politician at lower levels and a research chemist. Roots Born Margaret Hilda Roberts to a solidly middle-class family- neither rich nor poor- in the small town of Grantham, noted for manufacturing railroad equipment. Margarets father Alfred Roberts was a grocer and her mother Beatrice a homemaker and dressmaker. Alfred Roberts had left school to support his family. Margaret had one sibling, an older sister Muriel, born in 1921. The family lived in a 3-story brick building, with the grocery on the first floor. The girls worked in the store, and the parents took separate vacations so that the store could always be open. Alfred Roberts was also a local leader: a lay Methodist preacher, a member of the Rotary Club, an alderman, and the towns mayor. Margarets parents had been liberals who, between the two world wars, voted conservative. Grantham, an industrial city, experienced heavy bombing during World War II. Margaret attended Grantham Girls School, where she focused on science and math. By age 13, she already had expressed her goal of becoming a member of Parliament. From 1943 to 1947, Margaret attended Somerville College, Oxford, where she received her degree in chemistry. She taught during summers to supplement her partial scholarship. She was also active in conservative political circles at Oxford; from 1946 to 1947, she was the president of the University Conservative Association. Winston Churchill was her hero. Early Political and Personal Life After college, she went to work as a research chemist, working for two different companies in the developing plastics industry. She stayed involved in politics, going to the Conservative Party Conference in 1948 representing Oxford graduates. In 1950 and 1951, she unsuccessfully stood for election to represent Dartford in North Kent, running as a Tory for a safe Labour seat. As a very young woman running for office, she received media attention for these campaigns. During this time, she met Denis Thatcher, a director of his familys paint company. Denis came from more wealth and power than Margaret had; he had also been briefly married during World War II before divorcing. Margaret and Denis were married on December 13, 1951. Margaret studied law from 1951 to 1954, specializing in tax law. She later wrote that she was inspired by a 1952 article, Wake Up, Women, to pursue a full life with both family and a career. In 1953, she took the Bar Finals, and gave birth to twins, Mark and Carol, six weeks prematurely, in August. From 1954 to 1961, Margaret Thatcher was in private law practice as a barrister, specializing in tax and patent law. From 1955 to 1958, she tried, unsuccessfully, several times to be selected as a Tory candidate for MP. Member of Parliament In 1959, Margaret Thatcher was elected to a rather safe seat in Parliament, becoming the Conservative MP for Finchley, a suburb north of London. With Finchleys large Jewish population, Margaret Thatcher developed a long-term association with conservative Jews and support for Israel. She was one of 25 women in the House of Commons, but she received more attention than most because she was the youngest. Her childhood dream of becoming an MP was achieved. Margaret put her children in boarding school. From 1961 to 1964, having left her private law practice, Margaret took the minor office in Harold Macmillans government of Joint Parliamentary Secretary for the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance. In 1965, her husband Denis became the director of an oil company which had taken over his familys business. In 1967, opposition leader Edward Heath made Margaret Thatcher the oppositions spokesperson on energy policy. In 1970, the Heath government was elected, and thus the Conservatives were in power. Margaret served from 1970 to 1974 as the Secretary of State for Education and Science, earning by her policies the description in one newspaper of the most unpopular woman in Britain. She abolished free milk in school for those over age seven, and was called for this Ma Thatcher, Milk Snatcher. She supported funding for primary education but promoted private funding for secondary and university education. Also in 1970, Thatcher became the privy councilor and co-chair of the Womens National Commission. Though unwilling to call herself a feminist or associate with the growing feminist movement, or credit feminism with her success, she supported womens economic role. In 1973, Britain joined the European Economic Community, an issue about which Margaret Thatcher would have much to say during her political career. In 1974, Thatcher also became the Tory spokesperson on the environment and took a staff position with the Centre for Policy Studies, promoting monetarism, Milton Friedmans economic approach, as contrasted with the Keynesian economic philosophy. In 1974, the Conservatives were defeated, with the Heath government in increasing conflict with Britains strong unions. Conservative Party Leader In the wake of Heaths defeat, Margaret Thatcher challenged him for leadership of the party. She won 130 votes on the first ballot to Heaths 119, and Heath then withdrew, with Thatcher winning the position on the second ballot. Denis Thatcher retired in 1975, supporting his wifes political career. Her daughter Carol studied law, became a journalist in Australia in 1977; her son Mark studied accounting but failed to qualify in the exams; he became something of a playboy and took up automobile racing. In 1976, a speech by Margaret Thatcher warning of the aim of the Soviet Union for world domination earned Margaret the sobriquet the Iron Lady, given to her by the Soviets. Her radically conservative economic ideas earned the name for the first time, that same year, of Thatcherism. In 1979, Thatcher spoke against immigration to the Commonwealth  countries as a threat to their culture. She was known, more and more, for her direct and confrontational style of politics. The winter of 1978 to 1979 was known in Britain as the Winter of Their Discontent. Many union strikes and conflicts combined with the effects of harsh winter storms to weaken confidence in the Labour government. In early 1979, the conservatives won a narrow victory. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher became prime minister of the United Kingdom on May 4, 1979. She was not only the UKs first woman prime minister, but she was also the first woman prime minister in Europe. She brought in her radical right-wing economic policies, Thatcherism, plus her confrontational style and personal frugality. During her time in office, she continued to prepare breakfast and dinner for her husband, and even to do grocery shopping. She refused part of her salary. Her political platform was that of limiting government and public spending, letting market forces control the economy. She was a monetarist, a follower of Milton Friedmans economic theories, and saw her role as eliminating socialism from Britain. She also supported reduced taxes and public spending, and the deregulation of industry. She planned to privatize Britains many government-owned industries and to end government subsidies to others. She wanted legislation to seriously restrict union power and abolish tariffs except to non-European countries. She took office in the middle of a worldwide economic recession; the result of her policies in that context was serious economic disruption. Bankruptcies and mortgage foreclosures increased, unemployment increased and industrial production fell considerably. Terrorism around Northern Irelands status continued. A 1980 steelworkers strike disrupted the economy further. Thatcher refused to allow Britain to join the EECs European Monetary System. North Sea windfall receipts for off-shore oil helped lessen the economic effects. In 1981 Britain had its highest unemployment since 1931: 3.1 to 3.5 million. One effect was the rise in social welfare payments, making it impossible for Thatcher to cut taxes as much as shed planned. There were riots in some cities. In the 1981 Brixton riots, police misconduct was exposed, further polarizing the nation. In 1982, those industries still nationalized were forced to borrow and thus had to raise prices. Margaret Thatchers popularity was very low. Even within her own party, her popularity waned. In 1981 she began replacing more traditional conservatives with members of her own more radical circle. She began to develop a close relationship with the new USA president, Ronald Reagan, whose administration supported many of the same economic policies hers did. And then, in 1982, Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, perhaps encouraged by the effects of military cutbacks under Thatcher. Margaret Thatcher sent 8,000 military personnel to fight a much larger number of Argentinians; her win of the Falklands War restored her to popularity. The press also covered the 1982 disappearance of Thatchers son, Mark, in the Sahara Desert during an automobile rally. He and his crew were found four days later, considerably off course. Re-election With the Labour Party still deeply divided, Margaret Thatcher won re-election in 1983 with 43% of the vote for her party, including a 101 seat majority. (In 1979 the margin had been 44 seats.) Thatcher continued her policies, and unemployment continued at over 3 million. The crime rate and prison populations grew, and foreclosures continued. Financial corruption, including by many banks, was exposed. Manufacturing continued to decline. Thatchers government attempted to reduce the power of local councils, which had been the means of delivery of many social services. As part of this effort, the Greater London Council was abolished. In 1984, Thatcher first met with Soviet reform leader Gorbachev. He may have been drawn to meet with her because her close relationship with President Reagan made her an attractive ally. Thatcher that same year survived an assassination attempt when the IRA bombed a hotel where a Conservative Party conference was held. Her stiff upper lip in responding calmly and quickly added to her popularity and image. In 1984 and 1985, Thatchers confrontation with the coal miners union led to a year-long strike which the union eventually lost. Thatcher used strikes in 1984 through 1988 as reasons to further restrict union power. In 1986, the European Union was created. Banking was affected by European Union rules, as German banks funded the East German economic rescue and revival. Thatcher began to pull Britain back from European unity. Thatchers defense minister Michael Heseltine resigned over her position. In 1987, with unemployment at 11%, Thatcher won a third term as prime minister- the first twentieth century UK prime minister to do so. This was a much less clear win, with 40% fewer Conservative seats in Parliament. Thatchers response was to become even more radical. Privatization of nationalized industries provided a short-term gain for the treasury, as the stock was sold to the public. Similar short-term gains were realized by selling state-owned housing to occupants, transforming many to private owners. A 1988 attempt to establish a poll tax was highly controversial, even within the Conservative Party. This was a flat rate tax, also called the community charge, with every citizen paying the same amount, with some rebates for the poor. The flat rate tax would replace property taxes which were based on the value of property owned. Local councils were given the power to levy the poll tax; Thatcher hoped that popular opinion would force these rates to be lower, and end Labour Party domination of the councils. Demonstrations against the poll tax in London and elsewhere sometimes turned violent. In 1989, Thatcher led a major overhaul of the finances of the National Health Service and accepted that Britain would be part of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. She continued to try to fight inflation through high interest rates, despite continued problems with high unemployment. A worldwide economic downturn aggravated economic problems for Britain. Conflict within the Conservative Party increased. Thatcher was not grooming a successor, though in 1990 she had become the prime minister with the longest continuous term in the UKs history since the early 19th century. By that time, not a single other cabinet member from 1979, when she was first elected, was still serving. Several, including Geoffrey Howe, the partys deputy leader, resigned in 1989 and 1990 over her policies. In November of 1990, Margaret Thatchers position as head of the party was challenged by Michael Heseltine, and thus a vote was called. Others joined the challenge. When Thatcher saw that she had failed on the first ballot, though none of her challengers won, she resigned as party head. John Major, who had been a Thatcherite, was elected in her place as prime minister. Margaret Thatcher had been prime minister for 11 years and 209 days. After Downing Street The month after Thatchers defeat, Queen Elizabeth II, with whom Thatcher had met weekly during her time as prime minister, appointed Thatcher a member of the exclusive Order of Merit, replacing the recently deceased Laurence Olivier. She granted Denis Thatcher a hereditary baronetcy, the last such title granted to anyone outside the royal family. Margaret Thatcher founded the Thatcher Foundation to continue to work for her radically conservative economic vision. She continued to travel and lecture, both within Britain and internationally. A regular theme was her criticism of the European Unions centralized power. Mark, one of the Thatcher twins, married in 1987. His wife was an heiress from Dallas, Texas. In 1989, the birth of Marks first child made Margaret Thatcher a grandmother. His daughter was born in 1993. In March 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Margaret Thatcher the US Medal of Freedom. In 1992, Margaret Thatcher announced she would no longer run for her seat in Finchley. That year, she was made a life peer as Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven, and thus served in the House of Lords. Margaret Thatcher worked on her memoirs in retirement. In 1993 she published The Downing Street Years 1979-1990 to tell her own story about her years as prime minister. In 1995, she published The Path to Power, to detail her own early life and early political career, before becoming prime minister. Both books were best-sellers. Carol Thatcher published a biography of her father, Denis Thatcher, in 1996. In 1998 Margaret and Denis son Mark was involved in scandals involving loan sharking in South Africa and US tax evasion. In 2002, Margaret Thatcher had several small strokes and gave up her lecture tours. She also published that year another book: Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World. Denis Thatcher survived a heart-bypass operation in early 2003, seeming to make a full recovery. Later that year, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and died on June 26. Mark Thatcher inherited his fathers title and became known as Sir Mark Thatcher. In 2004 Mark was arrested in South Africa for attempting to assist in a coup in Equatorial Guinea. As a result of his guilty plea, he was given a large fine and suspended the sentence, and permitted to move in with his mother in London. Mark was unable to move to the United States where his wife and children moved after Marks arrest. Mark and his wife divorced in 2005 and both remarried others in 2008. Carol Thatcher, a freelance contributor to the BBC One program since 2005, lost that job in 2009 when she referred to an aboriginal tennis player as a golliwog, and refused to apologize for use of what was taken as a racial term. Carols 2008 book about her mother, A Swim-on Part in the Goldfish Bowl: A Memoir, dealt with Margaret Thatchers growing dementia. Thatcher was unable to attend a 2010 birthday party for her, organized by Prime Minister David Cameron, the wedding of Prince William to Catherine Middleton in 2011, or a ceremony unveiling a statue of Ronald Reagan outside the American Embassy later in 2011. When Sarah Palin told the press that she would visit Margaret Thatcher on a trip to London, Palin was advised that such a visit would not be possible. On July 31, 2011, Thatchers office in the House of Lords was closed, according to her son, Sir Mark Thatcher. She died on April 8, 2013, after suffering another stroke. The 2016 Brexit vote was described as a throwback to the Thatcher years. Prime Minister Theresa May, the second woman to serve as British prime minister, claimed inspiration by Thatcher but was seen as less committed to free markets and corporate power. In 2017, a German far-right leader claimed Thatcher as his role model. Background Father: Alfred Roberts, grocer, active in local community and politicsMother: Beatrice Ethel Stephenson RobertsSister: Muriel (born 1921) Education Huntingtower Road Primary SchoolKesteven and Grantham Girls SchoolSomerville College, Oxford Husband and Children Husband: Denis Thatcher, wealthy industrialist - married December 13, 1951Children: twins, born August 1953Mark ThatcherCarol Thatcher Bibliography Thatcher, Margaret.  The Downing Street Years.  1993.Thatcher, Margaret.  The Path to Power.  1995.Thatcher, Margaret.  The Collected Speeches of Margaret Thatcher. Robin Harris, editor. 1998.Thatcher, Margaret.  Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World.  2002.Thatcher, Carol.  A Swim-on Part in the Goldfish Bowl: A Memoir.  2008.Hughes, Libby.  Madam Prime Minister: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher.  2000.Ogden, Chris.  Maggie: An Intimate Portrait of a Woman in Power.  1990.Seldon, Anthony.  Britain Under Thatcher. 1999.Webster, Wendy.  Not a Man to Match Her: The Marketing of a Prime Minister.

Free Essays on Darkness at Noon

, Rubashov desires a society where individualism is virtually negated. While in prison, Rubashov has a meeting with one such former comrade, Ivanov. However, this man lets slip in one instance his anti-party beliefs, and is replaced by Gletkin, a closeted individualist, who quickly orders the murder of Ivanov. With this series of events, Koestler makes the political statement that it is impossible for a dictatorship to be overthrown and replaced with anything else but a dictatorship because it is only human nature to want to succeed and that eventually certain men and women will rise from the anonymous x. In addition to powerful political statements, Koestler also points out certain social patterns that emerge in this society. When in prison, Rubashov paces back and forth in his cell compulsively smoking cigarettes, retracing his history in the revolution and the actions he had taken. In a quote inserted in the novel, Saint Just states, â€Å"Nobody can rule guiltlessly.ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Darkness at Noon Free Essays on Darkness at Noon Darkness At Noon In the novel, Darkness at Noon, by Koestler, Rubashov learns about himself, and makes an effort to cross the hazy lines between his conscience and his beliefs. Rubashov's realization of the individual aspect of morality is a gradual process, satisfying his internal arguments and questions of guilt. His confession to Gletkin reflects the logic that Rubashov had used (both by himself and his political regime), as well as his internal conflicts. He questioned the inferior value of the human, in respect to the priceless value of humanity. Rubashov's ideas on communism, he found, were blurred by his dedication to the Soviet revolutionaries, and ordeal that compromised his life to solve. In many ways, Rubashov was an antagonist to himself. One way Rubashov defeated his goal was by giving in to suit others. "The Party denied the free will of the individual - and at the same time it exacted his willing self-sacrifice†¦ There was somewhere an error in the calculation; t! he equation did not work out."(204) Rubashov's confession implies a submission of his personal ego to a larger purpose, and he questions himself as to whether it is worth it. His ideals were not his own, but rather the ideals that the communist revolutionaries forced him to have. Rubashov was a man who thinks extremely logical in every situation; he follows every idea "†¦down to its final consequence."(80) He is an elite intellectual, but even as Ivanov and Gletkin question his line of thinking, Rubashov constantly asks himself the same questions. He justifies his rational by reminding himself that he is working for a more perfect society, no matter what the cost. As stated in the first partition of his confession, he heard only those being sacrificed, and forgot or ignored why they were being sacrificed. Rubashov's selfishness also led to his demise. He, from the beginning, realized that he has made an error in his judgment; however, he listens to Ivanov's a... Free Essays on Darkness At Noon Darkness at Noon In America today, as in all countries at war or engulfed in revolution, there is turbulence in what society feels about different theories and issues challenging the peace of our nation. In Arthur Koestler’s historical fiction Darkness at Noon, a post-revolutionary society once again faces such conflict with the Communist party replacing an old dictatorship. In his novel, Koestler makes several significant political, social, and philosophical statements, which serve to clarify the motivations and justify the reasoning behind why such unrest takes place in this society. Koestler’s story unfolds with the incarceration of Nicolas Salamanovich Rubashov, an aging revolutionary that had served side by side with Stalin, who he refers to as â€Å"No. 1†. Together they had fought a dictatorship and pressed for a society where â€Å"politics means working with x [the anonymous masses] without worrying about its actual nature†. In other words, Rubashov desires a society where individualism is virtually negated. While in prison, Rubashov has a meeting with one such former comrade, Ivanov. However, this man lets slip in one instance his anti-party beliefs, and is replaced by Gletkin, a closeted individualist, who quickly orders the murder of Ivanov. With this series of events, Koestler makes the political statement that it is impossible for a dictatorship to be overthrown and replaced with anything else but a dictatorship because it is only human nature to want to succeed and that eventually certain men and women will rise from the an onymous x. In addition to powerful political statements, Koestler also points out certain social patterns that emerge in this society. When in prison, Rubashov paces back and forth in his cell compulsively smoking cigarettes, retracing his history in the revolution and the actions he had taken. In a quote inserted in the novel, Saint Just states, â€Å"Nobody can rule guiltlessly.ï ¿ ½...

Majoring in General Management in Business School

Majoring in General Management in Business School What Is a General Manager? General managers organize workers, other managers, projects, customers, and the direction of an organization. Every type of business needs managers. Without a manager, there wouldnt be anyone to oversee operations, supervise employees, or perform the essential tasks that managers take care of on a daily bases.   Why Major in  General Management? There are plenty of good reasons to major in general management. It is an old field, which means that curriculum has had an opportunity to evolve over the years. There are now lots of good schools that offer excellent preparation in the management field - so it shouldnt be a struggle to find a respected program that can give you the  kind of education you need to pursue a career and secure a position in your field after graduation.   Business majors who want to have a variety of career opportunities available to them upon graduation almost cant go wrong with a  specialization in general management.As stated earlier - nearly every business needs management personnel. A general degree in management may also be attractive to business majors who are unsure of what specialization they wish to pursue. Management is a broad discipline that can transfer to a lot of different types of careers and business areas, including accounting, finance, entrepreneurship, and more.   General Management Coursework Business majors who specialize in general management usually take courses that will help them develop a foundation of business skills that can be applied in almost any organization. Specific courses may cover topics like accounting, marketing, economics, business law, and personnel management. Educational Requirements Educational requirements for business majors who want to work as a general manager vary depending on the type of organization and industry the student is interested in working in upon graduation. To get an idea of what may be expected from you in different degree programs, and what kind of job and salary you are likely to obtain after earning a degree, follow these links: Associate ProgramsBachelor ProgramsMBA Programs General Management Programs for Business Majors There are literally thousands of colleges, universities, and vocational schools offering programs in general management. Finding a program should be very easy. Finding a good program, however, can be difficult. Before choosing to enroll in any general management program, it pays for business majors to do as much research as possible. Working in General Management After graduating from a general management program, business majors should have no problems securing employment in a private or public organization. Positions are available in a variety of industries. Potential for career and salary advancement is also prevalent in this occupation. Additional Career Information To learn more about working as a general manager, see the job profile for General Business Managers​jnY ¿

Analysis of Business Operations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Business Operations - Case Study Example The management tool of my choice will be the affinity diagram when it comes to applying one of them in my business which deals with the sales and marketing of various products. The use of the affinity diagram greatly requires the utilization of team efforts. It therefore requires the complete attention of the whole team that is operating in the business. The importance of utilizing the diagram in my business arises from the fact that there is a lot of information generated. The team therefore requires to sort through this information to come up with the most effective measures of increasing a products sale. It is also applicable since the answers required are not just obvious to all the team members working on a presented problem. The solutions that are normally adopted come from the general consensus reached by all the team members. The tool is vital since it helps in establishing connections that were previously invisible between the information collected (Hutchins 56). It also greatly assists in the brainstorming of the causes and the solutions to various problems being experienced especially in situations where there is little information availed. The business benefits in a variety of ways through the use of the affinity diagram. This is because the diagram assists in making breakthroughs in various problems occurring and it also enables the establishment of greater teamwork activities. The diagram additionally helps in revealing relationships between various pieces of information and building of greater skills of critical thinking within my business team. The creation of these skills within the business greatly assists in solving the problems that our clients forward to us through the development of the most cost effective along with efficient solutions. The use of the affinity diagram has enabled the team members within the business to develop better communication skills when dealing with any problems that are brought to the company. This move

Comments(another one) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comments(another one) - Essay Example Downsizing is in the true meaning the unemployment of people but the unemployed individual may believe that the company from which they were fired did not have a choice and this was a step which had to be taken. Other examples of newspeak are also seen in today’s world. For example, the spying technology which intrudes the privacy of others is justified by the government by explaining that this is an important step for the security of the people but in reality this is an encroachment into the personal space of others. Doublethink has also been correctly explained with the concept of cognitive dissonance put forward by Leon Festinger and it has further been strengthened in the paper with the example of persecution in the United States. Other examples of doublethink include immigration where on one side a person thinks that immigrants reduce the opportunities for the citizens of the country they migrate to. On the other hand, there is another perspective on this issue where a person is forced to think that these immigrants leave their homeland owing to serious problems and they migrate to a new place only with the hope of a better future. Therefore, immigration is a stand on which a person tends to have contradicting thoughts. Thus, it is a well-balanced paper which correctly defines the purpose of the concepts of newspeak and doublethink in the novel followed by examples which can be seen in today’s world for the two

Software Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Software Testing - Research Paper Example We are dealing with the banking system from Pennywise National Bank. Therefore, experimental design is the best method of testing software (Basili and Selby, 1987). According to Gelperin and Hetzel (1988), we are going to deal with phase models and life cycle models. In the phase models, we have a demonstration and destruction phases. Demonstration ensures that the software satisfies all its specifications. Destruction involves detection of the implemented faults that may lead to errors during the software functioning. In the life cycle models, we have an evaluation and the prevention stages. In the evaluation, one detects requirements, design and implements faults. In prevention, requirements, design and implementation faults are prevented. Review of software requirements is not considered as testing. Prevention testing involves analysis and review besides improvement of the software specifications and design. Moreover, the code is improved before test execution (Gelperin and Hetzel, 1988). We are going to test the coding, structural and functional properties of our software. Code reading will be tested using the stepwise subtraction. The structural testing will be done using 1005 statement coverage criteria. Finally, the functional testing will be done using equivalence partitioning and analysis of the boundary value (Basili and Selby, 1987). The primary goals of testing are; to demonstrate that some parts of the software specifications are functional and meet their tasks, to detect faults and finally to prevent faults. Formerly constructive approach was being used in testing yielding unsatisfactory results in that it contained tests that the software could pass. Currently, the demonstration strategy is being used. Tests always are hypothesized that the software is not perfect in its specifications in that it can not lack even a single fault. A set of test T is built and applied to the software. In the long run, at least a single

National ( the U.S.) and Oklahoma medicaid Dissertation

National ( the U.S.) and Oklahoma medicaid - Dissertation Example Per-enrollee growth exceeded economy-wide inflation by nearly 11% (Klemm, p107). Amendments to the Social Security Act were passed in 1971 and 1972 creating Supplemental Social Security Income and nearly all beneficiaries also received Medicaid. Optional amendments began covering intermediate care services for the mentally retarded and psychiatric services for patients under 22. By 1976 enrollment reached 20.7 million with an average growth rate of 5% a year which did not vary greatly for the next ten years. Because of this considerable growth the Reagan administration began to consider ways to curve deficit. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act in 1981began a three year reduction in and also reduced some eligibility for Welfare benefits. States begin to attempt Health Maintenance Organizations and community based waiver programs and focus began to shift more towards managing services and controlling the costs of care. Enrollment rates remained stable though expenditures continued t o increase and rise. In 1984 congress decided to implement expansions that continued to increase throughout the eighties. ... Medicaid spending was approximately 275.5 billion dollars in 2003 (Holahan and Ghosh, p 26) and became a major target for the 2005 budget debate. Spending increased by 10 % between 2000 and 2003; thus being attributed to welfare reform. Growth was noted among the non-disabled and children; as the economy began to decline the population experienced job losses and loss in income. State Medicaid cutbacks were made, insurance premiums rose and employee sponsored coverage declined. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2011 was tailored with the expectation that sixteen million people would gain access to health care. Obama care has created two basic paths towards universal health care access (Reno, p 61). Obamacare has increased funding for the public side of the current health care system though many worry that private insurers will end up absorbing increased health care costs. Oklahoma Medicaid Program Medicaid provides acute health care and long term care services to over 600,000 low-income families and elderly individuals. The Oklahoma health care vision is ‘for Oklahoman’s to enjoy optimal health status through access to quality health care regardless of their ability to pay,’ (Connell, 2012). The Oklahoma Health Care Authority has administered and overseen the Oklahoma Medicaid program since 1995 and is responsible for rule making and policy development. The Oklahoma Medicaid State Plan includes coverage for the following services: Ambulance and ambulatory surgery center services Substance abuse and behavioral health services Case management services Radiation and chemotherapy services Renal dialysis services Certain dental services Durable

Norway-Promotion Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Norway-Promotion - Term Paper Example market for ARIO Wristband comprises of young consumers, therefore, it is important for the company to adopt promotional strategies that are attractive to them. The company has to consider a promotion media mix in order to reach its targeted audience. The company will use different promotional tools and mediums including social media websites, print magazines, business directories, and social events for delivering its messages to the its target market audience and general public. One of the key tools that the company can use for promoting its products is social media. In the recent years, social media networks such as Facebook, Twitter, etc. have emerged as new forums for businesses to market and promote their products (SkarÃ… ¾auskienà ©, Tamosià »naità ¨ and Ã… ½alà ©nienà ©). It has been observed that young consumers spend a significant proportion of their time on social media websites including blogging, social networking, and content sharing websites, and their acceptance of brands is positively related to the peer pressure on social networks. The company will develop informational promotional messages that are easily accessible and understandable for the younger audience (Muk). ARIO Wristband will place advertisements of different sizes on a regular basis in various printed magazines in Norway. These fashion magazines include SMUG, Vixen, SOMA, etc. The underlying aim of such advertisement include introduction of the brand and its products, updates about new designs, and developing fashion sense for wristbands. Participation in social events and promotion of brands is another useful tactic that ARIO Wristband will adopt. ARIO Wristband will seek entry in different fashion events such as Oslo Fashion Week, Norwegian Fashion Hub, Designerkollektivet, etc. Moreover, the company will carry different promotional activities at its outlet and also in different shopping arcades in Oslo including Byporten Shopping, Oslo City Shopping Center, etc. to attract young consumers.

National ( the U.S.) and Oklahoma medicaid Dissertation

National ( the U.S.) and Oklahoma medicaid - Dissertation Example Per-enrollee growth exceeded economy-wide inflation by nearly 11% (Klemm, p107). Amendments to the Social Security Act were passed in 1971 and 1972 creating Supplemental Social Security Income and nearly all beneficiaries also received Medicaid. Optional amendments began covering intermediate care services for the mentally retarded and psychiatric services for patients under 22. By 1976 enrollment reached 20.7 million with an average growth rate of 5% a year which did not vary greatly for the next ten years. Because of this considerable growth the Reagan administration began to consider ways to curve deficit. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act in 1981began a three year reduction in and also reduced some eligibility for Welfare benefits. States begin to attempt Health Maintenance Organizations and community based waiver programs and focus began to shift more towards managing services and controlling the costs of care. Enrollment rates remained stable though expenditures continued t o increase and rise. In 1984 congress decided to implement expansions that continued to increase throughout the eighties. ... Medicaid spending was approximately 275.5 billion dollars in 2003 (Holahan and Ghosh, p 26) and became a major target for the 2005 budget debate. Spending increased by 10 % between 2000 and 2003; thus being attributed to welfare reform. Growth was noted among the non-disabled and children; as the economy began to decline the population experienced job losses and loss in income. State Medicaid cutbacks were made, insurance premiums rose and employee sponsored coverage declined. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2011 was tailored with the expectation that sixteen million people would gain access to health care. Obama care has created two basic paths towards universal health care access (Reno, p 61). Obamacare has increased funding for the public side of the current health care system though many worry that private insurers will end up absorbing increased health care costs. Oklahoma Medicaid Program Medicaid provides acute health care and long term care services to over 600,000 low-income families and elderly individuals. The Oklahoma health care vision is ‘for Oklahoman’s to enjoy optimal health status through access to quality health care regardless of their ability to pay,’ (Connell, 2012). The Oklahoma Health Care Authority has administered and overseen the Oklahoma Medicaid program since 1995 and is responsible for rule making and policy development. The Oklahoma Medicaid State Plan includes coverage for the following services: Ambulance and ambulatory surgery center services Substance abuse and behavioral health services Case management services Radiation and chemotherapy services Renal dialysis services Certain dental services Durable

Critically compare and contrast the accounting methods, structure and Essay

Critically compare and contrast the accounting methods, structure and regulation of Greece with the UK. Include a detailed and critical analysis of both current - Essay Example Effective control systems are usually situation specific and tailored to the management of each organisation. The exercise of managerial choice and the interdependence of accounting systems and the environment are acknowledged". (Rayburn and Rayburn (1991, p. 57) U.K. follows common law whereas Greece follows codified law falling under British Commonwealth and continental Europe respectively. "Greek law is based on codified Roman law with the judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts. Judicial independence is guaranteed under the constitution" (Greece Profile) Many countries' accounting practices are influenced by their respective income taxation rules ignoring any other broader objectives. (Nobes 1983, Purcel & Scott 1986) In the case of Government bureauracrats setting the accounting standards, they are unequivocal in fixed formats. ".Bureaucracies are more likely to want certainty to make assessment of taxes, adherence to regulatory rules, etc., easier to specify and enforce" (Robinson, Chris, Venieris, george 1996) Greek accounting is guided by its Corporate Law 2190/1920, accounting standards stipulated by the Ministry of National Economy, the interpretations issued by the National Accounting Standards Board (ESYL) and the Greek General Chart of Accounts approved by Presidential Decree 1123/80. In UK, the Companies Act 1985 as amended for EU Directives.lays down the stipulation for accounting methods. As per the Act, there should be disclosures that accounts are as per the standards of the Accounting Standards Board and urgent issues task force. Cash flow reporting in Greece Cash flow reporting as per IAS 7 became mandatory in 2002 for Greek listed companies which should submit the Cash Flow Statement (CFS) to HCMC though not required to be published as in the case of balance sheet and income statement. A recent study found that while non-listed firms do not voluntarily report CFS, the listed firms also do not comply with the mandatory requirement and make the CFS publicly available." The results indicate that Greek companies have cash flow problems but not profitability problems. The publication of a CFS may reveal that many listed companies in Greece are not as robust as the balance sheet and the income statement potentially indicates. Thus, the main conclusion of the paper is that publication of the CFS in Greece should become mandatory. The HCMC has made significant attempts to enforce corporate governance principles for listed companies in Greece. These principles implicitly highlight the desire of the regulatory authorities that investors receive adequate and relevant information. Could it be, however, that investors get relevant information when they do not have the essential inputs required to value a company"(Kousenidis V, Negakis L, Floropoulos) This practice of providing information on sources and application of funds was

2.5 Food Saftey Essay Example for Free

2.5 Food Saftey Essay Directions: Complete the food safety interactive quiz. Use the information from the interactive quiz to complete the following responses regarding food safety practices. For each of the following food safety practices, share at least 2 statements from the interactive quiz. Be sure to put these statements in your own words and explain why they are helpful in preventing food borne illness. An example would be: When dining from a buffet, make sure hot food is hot and cold food is cold. Food that is 40 – 140 degrees Fahrenheit has already begun to grow bacteria and pathogens. Clean (16 points): 1. Keeping your surfaces clean after cooking or letting an animal sit on it. 2. Keeping your hands clean keep you from getting ill. Separate (16 points): 1. When cross contamination happens it spreads bacteria from one item to a food item which will make you sick. 2. Keep raw meat and their juices away from cooked or ready-to-eat foods and fresh produce. Cook (16 points): 1. If food is left out for 8 hours, the food should be thrown out. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay When bacteria have nutrients, moisture, and favorable temperatures, they grow rapidly, increasing in numbers to the point where some types of bacteria can cause severe illness Cook thawed food to a minimum internal temperature to kill the bacteria. Chill (16 points): 1. When cooked food is left out for too long it can grow bacteria that can make you sick. 2. Freezing to 0 degrees F inactivates any bacteria, yeasts, and molds present in food. In your own kitchen, explain 2 food safety practices you feel your family can improve and 2 food safety practices you feel your family does well. (16 points) In my house our kitchen counters are perpetually dirty; at least that’s how I feel about it. Every time I walk into the kitchen there dirty and it’s kind of hard to tell who did what cause were a large family. There’s also the problem with closing bags that hold our food after they grab some of the food. For example the for the cheese container, when they make their sandwiches the leave the cheese container open in the refrigerator causing the cheese to go bad at a faster rate. I do have to say when it comes to cleaning dishes we are immaculate. No spot is left on or glass wear and sliver wear. We also are very particular when it comes to cleaning the stove (gas burner), flat top, and indoor grill. In what ways do your school and community practice or promote food safety to contribute to your personal health? (20 points) I can’t really say there’s anything. Our school promotes healthy eating but, I don’t eat school lunch. My community is really into recycling and making sure our streets and beaches our clean if that counts but that’s pretty much it.

Popular Culture Essays

Popular Culture Essays Popular culture is always defined, implicitly or explicitly, in contrast to other conceptual categories: folk culture, mass culture, dominant culture John Storey, 2006, p.1 Before we look into more depth about the term popular culture we must first determine what it actually means. Firstly to break the term down, Raymond Williams says culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language (cited storey 2006). To understand what William means we will take a look at his definitions. William refers to culture in three ways, firstly he states culture could be seen as a general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic development. The examples storey gives are great philosophers, great artists and great poets which noticeably the word great is used giving a sense of high culture. Secondly a particular way of life, whether a people, a period or a group (ibid). - Popular Culture Now we have determined what the terms popular and culture mean we can now look at the word as a whole. Storey states that Popular culture is the culture that is left over after we have decided what is high culture (Storey 2009, p. 6). Popular culture is therefore seen as inferior culture or low culture (ibid). When you think about popular culture in this way there comes a problem, who determines which category it falls into. Storey states to be real culture, it has to be difficult therefore creating a division to who can and who can not. Pierre Bourdieu argues that cultural distinctions of this kind are often used to support class distinctions. Taste is a deeply ideological category: it functions as a marker of class (Bourdieu 1984). Popular culture is often taken from culture, diluted and then distributed to the masses for personal gain. Sub cultures are created to help a group of people who feel left out from society, find there place. When looking at sub cultures, they are often associated with the youth of society. It could be argued that sub cultures are made possible because the youth within society have much more leisure time. (Lifestyle) The reason for this is said to be because of the generation gap. Some sub cultures create a moral panic because it challenges the norm and goes against how the people should think and what they should be doing. In doing so they create there ideology according to how they feel about society which is often opposed to the elite. If this is the case then it suggests a political dimension to what popular culture is so therefore it is not just about leisure or entertainment. Popular culture and the mass media go hand in hand because the media creates a distorted image of how the world is and the masses are said to passively consume it. Popular culture is also argued to divert people away from what is important which is said to be beneficiary for the elite, an example of this is capitalism. (Storey 2006) Ideology conceals the reality of domination from those in power: the dominant class dont see themselves as exploiter or oppressors. More importantly though it works in favour of the elite as Storey states Ideology conceals the reality of subordination from those who are powerless: the subordinate class dont see themselves as exploited or oppressed. One of the most significant ideological practices in recent years has been the categorical dividing of what is popular and what is classical. Storey states the division between high and popular cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is absolutely clearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and transhistorical-fixed for all time. Up until recent years the divions of the two were quite prominent but with groups like Escala (who were on Britains got talent) the divide becomes blurry. Groups like Escala play classical music in a different way to the norm but which is still classical and since they were on a popular show they made classical music popular. But that does not mean it will stay that way because if you look at some of the Cds they are bringing out for classical music now with such titles as Pure Classical which may seem innocent but could be argued that the elite are trying to police the boundaries. The real question what has been discussed is, value. As we have look in the first part of this essay, culture is not a fixed thing, it changes over time. A prime example of this would be opera. It started off for working class people but over time soon change and now is for the elite in society. If you were to look at the price it started off at it was only a few pennies but now the price of a ticket is quite high which therefore excludes people from taking part. Another example of this would be of you were to take a look at Pavarotti who had top selling albums and chart toppers, who then went to put on a performance in Hyde park for free and a woman attending give a comment to say I cant afford to go to the posh opera houses and folk out  £100 for a ticket. Yet again you could see some of the elite trying to police the boundaries by giving bad reviews saying the park is no place for opera. When you take that review and think about what they are really mean, they are saying it should stay in the opera house and keep its exclusiveness . Ideologies gain persuasive powers to either directly or indirectly influence the way people live, how they behave and how they relate to each other. Ideology can be understood by a set of values and ideas that a certain group shares.

dickinson and angelou Essay -- essays research papers

Emily Dickinson & Maya Angelou Essay Q. Analyse the presentation of human suffering in the poetry of Maya Angelou & Emily Dickinson. Many of Emily Dickinson’s poems touch on topics dealing with loss and human suffering. While loss and suffering is generally considered a sad or unfortunate thing, Dickinson uses this theme to explain and promote the positive aspects of absence. Throughout many of her poems, one can see clearly that see is an advocate of respecting and accepting the state of being without. Dickinson implies that through these types of losses, one can gain a richer and stronger appreciation for both success and belongings. Poems 2 and 1036 are two that capture the extent of Dickinson’s feelings on loss. By understanding and comparing these two works, it is easy to recognise that Dickinson believes that possessing neither material possessions nor the joy of success are the real keys to happiness. Poem 2 focuses on a battle that could be considered either literal in the sense of war, or more symbolic as it could act as the anthem for any type of loss or failure. Lines 1 and 2 of the poem explain that success or winning is most valued by those who never prevail. Dickinson is saying that loss creates the strongest appreciation for a win. The lines 3 and 4 state: To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need. This implies that necessity is the only way in which to understand what you want. Next, in the second stanza, Dickinson uses words that...

Ralph Lauren Fictional Marketing Plan

MARKETING PLAN For an exclusive Ralph Lauren Retail outlet in Goa Prepared by Anisha Shaikh Allan Rebello CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Ralph Lauren Corporation is a luxury clothing and goods company of the American fashion designer Ralph Lauren. Ralph Lauren specializes in high-end casual/semi-formal wear for men and women, as well as accessories, fragrances, home (bedding, towels) and housewares. It has its headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, New York City As of 2009, Ralph Lauren or their licensing partners operated 163 full-price and 163 outlet/factory stores around the world, including Club Monaco and Rugby stores.Ralph Lauren is one of the largest retailers in the United States with revenues reaching $4. 2 billion in 2007. Ralph Lauren will be located  located 1. 2 Objectives 1. To create a shopping environment that caters to the apparel needs of the Premium Class segment of Goa 2. To receive a 50% profit margin within the first year. 3. To have a customer  base of average 1,0 00 by the end of the first operating year. 1. 3 Mission Ralph Lauren’s  mission is to offer quality products 1. 3 Keys to SuccessIn order to succeed in the apparel industry Ralph Lauren must: †¢ Carry a collection of sizes to fit the  more frames of the target customer base. †¢ Provide customers with top class personalized customer service in an atmosphere of high class service †¢ Advertise and promote in areas that our target customer base will learn about our store †¢ Continuously review inventory and sales and adjust our inventory levels accordingly CHAPTER II DATA ANALYSIS 2. 1 Why should Ralph Lauren and international brand open up in Goa?Goa is the smallest state in India but it is the India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Co mmission on Population based on the 12 Indicators. Goa's gross state domestic product for 2007 is estimated at $3 billion in current prices. Goa is one of India's richest states with the highest GDP per capita — two and a half times that of the country as a whole — and one of its fastest growth rates: 8. 3% (yearly average 1990–2000). Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it handles 12% of all foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. As per details from Census 2011, Goa has population of 14. 57 Lakh, an increase from figure of 13. 48 Lakh in 2001 census. Parliamentary Affairs Ashwini Kumar said that Goa topped the list with an annual per capita income (PCI) of Rs. 1,32,719 in the last fiscal. 2. 2 LOCATION AND OWNERSHIP 2. 2. 1 Company OwnershipRalph Lauren will form a agreement with Inter ads (Inter Ads is a leading and reputed organizer of international trade exhibitions and conferences in India, in partnership with global exhibition management companies, who are highly acclaimed for innovation and excellence in organizing exhibitions). Inter ads will help Ralph Lauren from scratch i. e. is from negotiating the location till the store is ready, and also the day to day operations of the store. Location: The location chosen for the store is Caranzalem in Panjim. 2. 2. 2 Why Panjim? †¢ Area (sq km) : 4000 Population (2001 census) : 1. 34 million †¢ Literacy rate (%) : 82. 3 †¢ Sex ratio (per 1000 males) : 960 †¢ Length of coastline: 130 km †¢ National Highway length : 224 km †¢ Domestic | International airport : Dabolim (25 km from Panaji, the capital) †¢ Major Ports: Mormugao, Panaji (minor port) †¢ With a population of 65,000 in the city and approximately 100,000 in the metropolitan area, Panaji is Goa's third largest city after Vasco da Gama and Margao. †¢ Goa topped the list with an annual per capita income (PCI) of Rs. 1,32,719 in the last fiscal.T he location that is chosen is close to the the main city, Goa Science Center, Miramar beach and Dona Paula both are famous tourist destinations. Miramar beach is the closest beach to Panjim. It lies 3 kilometers from the city. It’s one of the most scenic beaches of Goa and a very ideal place to set up a Luxury showroom like that of Ralph lauren, Unlike other Beaches in Goa where you will find mainly tourists, Miramar Beach has visitors that comprise locals as well as tourists. The beach hosts a lot of cultural events and games. This would act as an added advantage to the brand. The area with the most retail outlets i. . 18th June road Panaji hasn’t been taken into consideration because there are so many brands attempting to gain a foothold in the market and this would be a problem for Ralph Lauren as the other brands have a competitive advantage on the price aspect. (Dr Jack Sequeira road nr Goa science center) All business deliveries and shipments will be handled thro ugh the store. The company office will also be housed at this location. 2. 3 Products Ralph Lauren would bring only its Polo brand to India. Polo has huge brand recognition in India and its popularity cuts across generations of young, middle-aged and seniors.Only the apparels will be brought to India under which the Polos, sports shirts, dress shirts, pants, jeans, and a range of shoes will be sold in the outlet. As soon as the outlet has been established Ralph Lauren will also come up with products of a wide range mainly emphasizing on price flexibility. One of the main aims of the company is to increase our target market and to do this there is a need to come up with more products. After a certain point we could even diversify in producing Indian apparel for the Indian customer.Below are the products that Ralph Lauren will introduce in India and the price of the products. Polo’s Mesh Polo: Rs 4421 Big pony Polo: Rs 5000 Brights Polo: Rs 5200 Sports shirts: Solid Poplin: Rs 4629 Linen shirt’s: Rs 6500 Premier oxford: Rs 5097 Madras workshirt: Rs 7452 Formal Shirts: Twill Regent: Rs 7542 Fit Solid Regent: Rs 6502 Fit French Regent: Rs 6502 Pinpoint oxford: Rs 4421 Pants: Five pocket Chino: Rs 4000 Preston tissue Chino: Rs 4135 Jeans Stanton Wash: Rs 4420 Hudson Jean: Rs 5100 Antique Jean: Rs 3589 Lispenard wash jean: Rs 2548 NB: These prices are the actual showroom prices.In the future Ralph Lauren has plans to come up with products that have affordable prices which is suitable for mainly the upper middle class segment. The products again will be only from its Polo brand. 2. 4 Market Analysis The primary target customer of Ralph Lauren will be the Premium Class Segment located in the City of Panaji. As we are situated in the center of their residental area we believe they will make up the largest percentage of our customer base. The secondary target customers are the Upper Middle Class in the area. The last target customer of Ralph Lauren is list ed as other.As popularity about the store increases we expect to see a variety of curiosity seekers, and local residents  from the area as well as seasonal purchasers during season. 2. 4. 1 Market Needs There are several important needs in the western wear apparel business that are being either underserved or not met at all. Ralph Lauren plans to meet and service those needs. †¢ Focus and attention to customer's personal preferences and customer retention will be given high priority. Because of the high rate of employee turnover at major mass retailers, customer service and personal detail has been  lost. . 4. 2 Market trends Goa has dish out so many things and among them is fashion, for the hep and moneyed, Fashion shows have becoming quite common in Goa, and pleasantly enough shifting their focus from the city highspots to the outskirts and Goa's splendid beaches Anjuna, Baga and even Utorda. Nowadays fashion folk leave no adjective untouched. Neither do they leave anythi ng to imagination the cuts and lengths becoming more bold and beautiful than ever before exposing much more shape and curve than exposed ever before coupling the catwalk do with all sorts of in elements and in spots.An opportunity like this should not be missed out by Ralph Lauren. 2. 4. 3 Market Growth The old days have gone where everybody would think that Goans wear Bermuda shorts and Sunset Orange cotton shirts and get going, the Clothes scenario has changed to a great extent with many international players entering Goa there has been a lot of growth in the market, Goan’s are ready to shell out a big amount on branded luxury clothes because it gives them a feel of quality and comfort. Nowadays wearing branded clothes is become like a trend.Another factor that has led to an increase in the market growth is the increasing per capita income of people in Goa. Thus the spending power of the people has increased 2. 4. 4 Competitors As mentioned earlier Goa is not untapped in th is segment of the market there are many brands who have made their presence felt many of which are in Panaji itself. Mahatma Gandhi Road is one of the most popular shopping avenues in Panaji with several stores selling branded goods present here. There’s United Colours of Benetton (UCB), Wrangler, Woodlands , Levis Strauss , Wills Lifestyle store , Spykar, Allen Solly, etc to choose from.All these stores are incidentally packed within an area less than a 100 square meters. The 18th June Road runs parallel to MG road and also hosts some branded showrooms. Arrow has an exclusive store here, so does the world famous brand Lee. Navelkar Arcade located nearby has another popular brand T, which has a wide range of clothing for men and women. Popular apparel brand Weekender , also has an exclusive store near the Don Bosco School in Panaji. 2. 4. 5 Industry Analysis Retail outlets Most of the brands sell their products in a retail outlet which is situated in the city areas i. e.Panaj i Vasco and Margao. The stores are mostly placed in very convenient areas so that distribution is not a major problem. Malls There are malls in Goa e. g. : Caculo Mall and Big G Mall under which various brands are housed some of the brands are Black Berry, Lee, Lacoste, Van Heusen, Wrangler John Players etc. 2. 4. 6 Target Market Ralph Lauren is entering its first year of operation and will basically cater to those customers who prefer wearing luxury clothes of high quality and great value. In Mid 2013 we will try and reach out to more customers in India by having a tie up with any large retail chain.We will also have a tie up with top modeling agencies to promote the brand in the fashion industry The consumer preference in Goa has changed to a huge extent. Media and promotions have been the sole reasons for the brand awareness and consciousness among the consumers and the same shall be done by Ralph Lauren. This is the new trend that more and more people are buying clothes which ar e of a particular reputed brand. When they are out shopping in a shopping mall they are sure to visit one of the big brands to buy a pair of jeans or a shirt from the shop.Today the Goan customers are eager to shell out a fortune to buy branded cloths. The common concept is that the clothing brands provide high quality and great comfort. And hence more and more people are becoming brand loyalist even though they have to give out quite a huge sum of money while making purchases. Ralph lauren is planning to enter India mainly due to the great demand that has been noticed from the customers. Ralph Lauren's main target audience will be the people from the premium segment .Their disposable income should be Rs 50,000 and they should be literate in order to understand our ad campaigns. The target audience that we are looking for are the ones who are ready to shell out a huge amount of money to buy our products. And they should be brand conscious. Since Goa is a state with the highest per c apita income the target market doesn’t seem to be really difficult to find. The possibility of the desired target audience is high because there are many industries like; Mining, Shipbuilding, Pharmaceutical, Hospitality etc in Goa are flourishing.Many rich people are also becoming very fashion conscious and they actively are the spectators for the Goa Fashion week which is gaining a lot of popularity, and our promotional campaigns deals with showcasing our brand at the Goa fashion week, thus providing exposure to our target audience. We will expect to reach our target audience through our various Promotional Campaigns. Age: Ralph Lauren segments its customers according to their age. Its provides all type of brands for the youth (24-26 yrs) Middle age  (28-50) ages and old people (60 + yrs)Gender: Gender segmentation of Ralph Lauren in Goa right now is for male and females. They manufacture brands for both genders. Occupations: In the occupational segmentation they have seg mented their market in different ways. Professionals, business men & women and executives. Education: Well educated people. 2. 5 Competitive Edge & Sales Prospects Ralph Lauren has a number of advantages that will allow  us to build brand identity, add value to our merchandise and build a loyal customer base  while standing apart  from  our competitors. The ‘Ralph Lauren Card' will entitle customers to a 15% discount after ten purchases. †¢ Our location is central to our target customer base. †¢ We will maintain a detailed record on each customer, logging addresses, their purchases, size, and brand for customer follow-up and in-house promotional purposes. CHAPTER III MARKETING PLAN 3. 1 Marketing Strategy Our marketing strategy will focus heavily on sales promotion, niche positioning in the market and customer service with loyalty and retention in sales. †¢ Our promotions will always stay in tune with our company bjectives and mission statement. 3. 2 Sal es Strategy †¢ We will utilize the Retail ICE POS software with every sales transaction. With each purchase the software  will record and maintain in its database the customer's name, address and purchases. This information will be used with our direct mailing program to focus on our top 50% of customers. †¢ We will offer a 14 day return/exchange policy to build trust with our customers and maintain retention and loyalty. 3. 3 Promotion Strategy Ralph Lauren will follow an aggressive yet creative promotional plan.This will allow us to focus directly  on our target customer 3. 3. 1 Store design: The store will be exclusively set up as the actual Ralph Lauren outlet. The rich look it gives with the exclusive interiors. This is basically visual merchandising and will lead to attract our target market and generate awareness. Prior to starting the store Ralph Lauren can go for aggressive advertising of the store i. e. build up a big store similar to a mobile van but big in size this store will go around place like Panjim, Candolim, Mapusa, Porvorim, Calangute.The main aim of this mobile van is to go around place where you find premium class coming most of the time for e. g. near Caculo Mall. A van will be taken on lease for a period of 1 month and it will be decorated like Ralph Lauren store. This activity is being carried out in order to generate awareness and create hype about the big brand coming to Goa. 3. 3. 2 Print media Print media is classified as anything that is in print and is also used to inform the public it is a very effective means of conveying the advertisement across.The print media can further be divided into newspapers and magazines. †¢ Leading Newspaper ads will be given like The Navhind Times, Herald and the Times of India – a skybus ad will be given i. e. the ad which appears and the top portion of the newspaper †¢ Ads will also be given in magazines like Femine, The Women’s era and top leading Magazines i n Goa. The cost of putting one full page issue on a magazine averages from 9000/- to 12000/- (Price varies according to different magazines) Others modes of Print media advertising: 5,000 4Ãâ€"5 color flyers/postcards will be distributed throughout the city †¢ 2,500 full-color postcard flyers with a 10% coupon will be distributed in and around Candolim and Panjim area like Mapusa, Porvorim, Calangute outside locations like CCD’s, Caculo, Osia, Casino’s etc mainly places where posh people visit †¢ 5,000 business cards with a Ralph Lauren Frequent Shopper Card on the reverse side entitling the customer to a 15% discount on the eleventh purchase after ten purchases will be printed and distributed.The aim of this activity is to allow people to visit and encourage frequent purchasing 3. 3. 3 Creative advertisements: o They can have regular ads for various occasions like Diwali Christmas, National Days 3. 3. 4 Email marketing and SMS marketing †¢ A direct mai l program that will further focus on and target the top 50% customer base with special in-house sales and promotions †¢ 200  grand opening invites will be mailed to potential new customers two weeks before the grand opening.The invitation will also include a promotional 10% coupon off a customer's first purchase. The customer mailing list will be made from contacts made by the franchise. †¢ Mailers should be sent to customers updating them about the latest offers, discounts etc †¢ A press conference will be organized in order to attract all the media people. A press release kit will be given to all major media outlets  in Candolim and Panjim highlighting the grand opening of the new Ralph Lauren apparel retailer in the city, who will also be attending the Press conference.This kit will include a press release, pictures of the interior space, color postcard/flyer, and a business card. The press will also be asked to put up a article about the company which will inc lude storytelling ads of Ralph Lauren. The cost the press will include conference hall, snacks, cost of sending s to media houses, and the press kit. The average cost will be around 80,000 †¢ SMS Marketing will be done in order make people aware about the latest offers, discounts etc. the cost of advertising on mVayoo. com is 50,000 p. a. 3. 3. 5 Online marketingFacebook Advertising Facebook  is a  social networking service  and Web site launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. As of July 2011, Facebook has more than 800  million active users Facebook ad growth: Spending on clicks and impressions of Facebook ads have both grown dramatically between Q2 2010 and Q2 2011,  according to  [pdf] data from Ignition One. Results of the Q2 2011 US Online Advertising Report show that Facebook ad spend on all clients increased 281% year-over-year in Q2, while Facebook ad impressions of all clients grew 200%.Ignition One analysis indicates Faceb ook advertising has experienced high rates of growth due to new marketer adoption in the past year. As seen above the growth of Facebook has been increasing day by day and the number of customers is also increasing day by day. Advertising of Facebook will provide a wide platform for ancestral Goa to target million Facebook users all over the world. And mostly users are for all age group. How to make a Facebook ad: Creating an ad on Facebook is very simple. Open a Facebook account (new or existing account will do).Go to Advertising Option at the bottom of the page. Click on create an ad and follow the process. Cost: Same like Adwords Facebook ads work on CPC vs. CPM. What needs to be done is the company has to set a budget which they are ready to spend each day and which method i. e. CPM or CPC should be selected and then start the campaign also the countries which the company wishes the ad to appear can be selected. Apart from this ancestral can also use other forms of advertising l ike Sponsored Stories. 3. 3. 6 Televison advertising Advertising will be done on local news channels like HCN, Goa 365 etc, Flip advertising will cost around 500 a day, they appear on television around 4-5 times including the Voice ads †¢ Video will cost around 25,000 pm which appears around 7-8 times a day 3. 3. 7 Outdoor media Creative Billboards of Ralph Lauren can be put up like hoarding designed in the shape of clothes along with lighting which will also appear at night. This can be put up in Verna to Panjim Road. The cost of putting up a hoarding is 12,000pm approximately . 3. 8 Event sponsorships and tie – ups †¢ Ralph Lauren will have promotional campaigns and set up stalls at the world famous Sunburn festival 2013. Ralph Lauren being a reputed brand will get many appeals to sponsor but only the ones that give us a high mileage shall be taken one example would be India Fest 2013 where we see youth from various places in India making their presence felt. â₠¬ ¢ Some steps would be having tie up’s with event management companies that are very active in Goa like NBR Kaleidoscope and Funky Heads.The Goa Fashion week has seen an immense positive change with many world famous brands taking part and even famous designers and it would be an opportunity for Ralph Lauren to showcase its brand. To make its brand aware to the fashion conscious people Ralph Lauren will have fashion shows in events like Mr Goa and Miss Goa. 3. 4 Implementation plan The advertising will be done mainly during the season time i. e. during april may and june and in October November and December Print media – April, May and June |Magazines |Name of the Magazine |Cost per Month ( 27 cm * 21 cm) |Total Cost | |Femine |5330 |15990 | |Womens Era |6000 |18000 | |Provougue |5000 |15000 | |Vogue India |6100 |18300 | |Elle |6100 |18300 | |Total | |85,590 | Printing Flyers – 1St month |Flyers |0. 75 |5675 | Cost of the Advertisements: whole year with addi tion to August (70500) | |Name of the Newspaper |Cost of Colour sq/ cm |Total Cost (Size 10Ãâ€"10) + |Per month |p. a | | | |colour | | | |Times of India |Rs. 125 sq/cm |Rs. 12,500 |37500 |450000 | |Navhind times |Rs. 110 sq/cm |Rs. 11,000 |33000 |396000 | |Total | | | |8,46,000 | SMS Marketing – whole year |SMS Marketing |mVayoo | |50,000 | Outdoor Media – whole year |Outdoor Media | | |Size |Printing Cost + rent |No |Total cost (pm) |p. a. | |   |  2,000 + 12,000 |  2 |  28,000 |33,6,000 | Business Cards – 2500 Facebook Ads can have have a budget of average 5000 per day using the CPM method †¢ A budget of 4,00,000 will be allocated to event sponsorship and tie ups Total Cost Event tie ups |4,00,000 | |Facebook advertising |60000 | |Business cards |2500 | |Magazines |85590 | |Flyers |5675 | |Newspapers |846000 | |SMS |50000 | Outdoor |336000 | |Total |17,85,765 | | | | | | | |Start-up Funding | |Land and building |50000000 | |Interior s and decorations |10000000 | |Promotions |1785765 | | |114000 | |Cash on start up |13384 | |Miscelleaneous |4400 | |Telelphone and utilities |1,575 | |Insurance |600 | |Store |11,010 | |inventory |195,881 | |computer |10,000 | | |legal expenses |7000 | |Signage (Including Permits) |1500 | | | |62145114. 5 | | 3. 5 Sales ForecastThe sales forecast has been estimated on the basis of 5% growth rate in the garment industry in Goa. | | | | |Polo |Cost Price |Selling price | |Mesh Polo |3315. 75 |4421 | |Big pony Polo |3750 |5,000 | |Brights Polo |3900 |5200 | |Sports shirts |   |   | |Solid Poplin |3471. 5 |4629 | |Linen shirt’s |4875 |6500 | |Premier oxford |3822. 75 |5097 | |Madras workshirt |5589 |7452 | |Formal Shirts |   |   | |Twill Regent: |5656. 5 |7542 | |Fit Solid Regent: Rs |4876. 5 |6502 | |Fit French Regent: Rs |4876. 5 |6502 | |Pinpoint oxford: Rs |3315. 5 |4421 | |Pants: |   |   | |Five pocket Chino: Rs |3000 |4000 | |Preston tissue Chino: |3101. 25 |4135 | |Jeans |   |   | |Stanton Wash: Rs |3315 |4420 | |Hudson Jean0 |3825 |5100 | |Antique Jean |2691. 75 |3589 | |Lispenard wash jean |1911 |2548 | Sales Forecast | | | | |Particulars |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 | |Polo |1949200 |2,241,580 |2,689,896 | |Sports shirts |1686915 |1,939,952 |2,327,943 | |Formal Shirts |3494960 |4,019,204 |4,823,045 | |Pants: |813400 |935,410 |1,122,492 | |Jeans |2348400 |2,700,660 |3,240,792 |